natural drainage area

1) участок, район, площадь, зона, территория; ареал

2) площадка; внутренний двор

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- area of airport terminal

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1.   площадь (помещения, поверхности, фигуры и т. п.)

2.   площадка

3.   внутренний двор

4.   пространство, зона

5.   приямок (напр. у окна подвального этажа)

1) площадь; пространство

2) область; сфера; зона; район

3) поверхность

4) (производственный) участок; помещение; площадка

5) рабочая ячейка ( склада)

ар (мера земельной площади) площадь, пространство, участок - vast * огромная площадь, обширное пространство - sown *, * under crops посевная площадь - * sown to wheat, wheat growing * посевная площадь под пшеницей - * under glass (сельскохозяйственное) площадь под стеклом, закрытый грунт - * of a room площадь комнаты - * of bearing( техническое) опорная поверхность - bombing( военное) площадь бомбометания - * bombing (военное) бомбометание по площади - * target( военное) цель большой площади - * of dispersion( военное) площадь рассеивания (математика) площадь - * of a triangle площадь треугольника район, область;
зона - geographic * географический район - postal * микрорайон, обслуживаемый почтовым отделением - service * (техническое) обслуживаемая зона - dollar * долларовая зона - free * зона свободной торговли - * headquarters штаб района дислокации войск;
штаб военного округа сфера (деятельности) ;
область (исследования) - in the * of language teaching в области преподавания языков - *s of agreement (политика) области согласия;
вопросы, по которым возможно или достигнуто соглашение размах, охват;
сфера - * of thought кругозор проход, ведущий к входу в подвал - * step ступеньки, ведущий к двери в подвал приямок перед окнами подвального этажа (анатомия) область;
поле( коры головного мозга) (специальное) зона;
площадь (спортивное) зона

addressable ~ вчт. адресуемая область

adjacent ~ прилежащая область

agricultural ~ площадь сельскохозяйственных угодий agricultural ~ сельскохозяйственная территория agricultural ~ сельскохозяйственный район

annexed ~ присоединенная область

application ~ вчт. область приложения

arable ~ культивируемая область

area дворик ниже уровня улицы, через который проходят в полуподвал ~ радио, тлв. зона;
mush area область плохого радиоприема;
service area область уверенного радиоприема ~ зона ~ область ~ область исследования ~ охват ~ мат. площадь;
area of a triangle площадь треугольника ~ площадь, пространство;
area under crop посевная площадь;
area of bearing тех. опорная поверхность ~ площадь ~ площадьобласть ~ площадьрайон ~ размах, сфера;
wide area of thought широкий кругозор ~ район;
зона;
край;
область;
residential area жилой район ~ район ~ сфера деятельности ~ участок

~ мат. площадь;
area of a triangle площадь треугольника

~ площадь, пространство;
area under crop посевная площадь;
area of bearing тех. опорная поверхность

~ of expertise вчт. область знаний

~ of heaviest deficit район острейшего дефицита

~ of heaviest surplus район чрезмерных излишков

~ of outstanding natural beauty( AONB) заповедная зона

~ of responsibility сфера ответственности

~ of sale площадь торгового зала ~ of sale торговый зал

~ of special planning control заповедная зона

~ площадь, пространство;
area under crop посевная площадь;
area of bearing тех. опорная поверхность

assessment ~ налоговый район

audit ~ область ревизии

autonomous ~ автономная область

bonding ~ контактная площадка

border ~ зона окантовки border ~ приграничная область

built-up ~ застроенная площадь built-up ~ зона застройки built-up ~ площадь застройки

business ~ область торгово-промышленной деятельности

catchment ~ водосборная площадь catchment ~ район охвата обслуживанием

clear ~ вчт. свободная область

closed ~ закрытая область

coastal ~ прибрежная область

command ~ вчт. область команд

conflagration ~ зона, охваченная пожаром

conservation ~ заповедник

constant ~ вчт. область констант

contiguous ~ вчт. непрерывная область

covered ~ закрытая зона

cultivated ~ культивированная область cultivated: ~ обрабатываемый;
обработанный;
cultivated area посевная площадь

currency ~ валютная зона

customs ~ таможенная область

cutting ~ лесосека

danger ~ опасная область

data ~ вчт. область данных

definition ~ вчт. область определения

demolition ~ зона разрушения

depressed ~ район, испытывающий экономический спад depressed ~ район острой хронической безработицы

development ~ область развития development ~ развивающийся район development ~ район, нуждающийся в экономическом развитии development ~ район комплексного жилищного строительства

dialog ~ вчт. диалоговая область

dialogue ~ вчт. диалоговая область

disaster ~ зона бедствия

dispersion ~ площадь разброса

distressed ~ район массовой безработицы distressed ~ район стихийного бедствия

dynamic ~ вчт. динамическая область

exclusion ~ запретная область

fixed ~ вчт. фиксированная область

floor ~ общая площадь помещений floor ~ пол, настил

free trade ~ зона свободной торговли free trade ~ район свободной торговли

fringe ~ менее важный участок fringe ~ окаймляющая область fringe ~ пограничная область

frontier ~ передний край

geographical lending ~ территория кредитования

gross floor ~ общая площадь торгового предприятия gross floor ~ общая производственая площадь

ground ~ земельный участок

holding ~ вчт. область хранения

hot ~ вчт. активная область

ill-structured subject ~ плохоструктурированная предметная область

incorporated ~ объединенная область

industrial ~ промышленная зона industrial ~ промышленный район

input ~ вчт. буфер ввода input ~ вчт. область ввода

instruction ~ вчт. область хранения команд

junction ~ вчт. площадь перехода

labour catchment ~ район, привлекающий рабочую силу

landscape protection ~ заповедник

line ~ вчт. затененный участок

loading ~ площадь погрузки

local ~ ограниченный район

market ~ место рынка market ~ район охвата обслуживанием market ~ район расположения розничных магазинов

menu ~ вчт. область меню

message ~ вчт. область сообщений

metropolitan ~ метрополитенский район metropolitan ~ муниципальный район

monetary ~ валютная зона

~ радио, тлв. зона;
mush area область плохого радиоприема;
service area область уверенного радиоприема

outlet ~ рынок сбыта

output ~ вчт. буфер вывода

overflow ~ вчт. область переполнения

parking ~ место парковки

permanent storage ~ вчт. область постоянного хранения

picture ~ кадр изображения

planning ~ область планирования

problem ~ вчт. проблемная область

prohibited ~ запретная зона

protected ~ вчт. защищенная область protected ~ защищенная область protected ~ охраняемая область

read-write ~ вчт. область считывания и записи

recreation ~ место отдыха и развлечений

regional authority ~ единица административного деления

~ район;
зона;
край;
область;
residential area жилой район residential ~ жилой район residential ~ жилые кварталы residential ~ область проживания

routing ~ вчт. область трассировки

rural ~ сельская местность rural ~ сельский район

sales ~ место торговли sales ~ площадь торгового зала sales ~ район сбыта sales ~ торговый зал

save ~ вчт. область сохранения

search ~ вчт. область поиска

seek ~ вчт. область поиска

selling ~ площадь торгового зала selling ~ торговый зал

~ радио, тлв. зона;
mush area область плохого радиоприема;
service area область уверенного радиоприема

shaded ~ вчт. затененный участок

shareable ~ вчт. общая область

site ~ место размещения строительного объекта site ~ строительная площадка site ~ территория строительства

slum ~ район трущоб

spooling ~ вчт. область буферизации

sterling ~ стерлинговая зона sterling: ~ стерлинговый;
pound sterling фунт стерлингов;
sterling area стерлинговая зона

storage ~ место хранения storage ~ вчт. область памяти

surface ~ площадь поверхности

survey ~ обследуемый район

swap ~ вчт. область подкачки

tail ~ вчт. шлейф

tourist ~ район туризма

trading ~ торговая зона

traffic ~ область перевозок

unshaded ~ вчт. незаштрихованная область

urban ~ городская территория

user ~ вчт. область пользователя user ~ вчт. память пользователя

utility ~ вчт. служебная область

vieving ~ вчт. наблюдаемая поверхность

warehouse ~ складское пространство

well-structured subject ~ хорошо структурированная предметная область

~ размах, сфера;
wide area of thought широкий кругозор

work ~ вчт. рабочая область

working ~ вчт. рабочая область working ~ рабочая область

working class ~ рабочий квартал working class ~ рабочий район

1) область; район; зона

2) ареал, область обитания

3) площадь, пространство, участок

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- rocket area

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SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering

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At the beginning of the seventeenth century, several wealthy men in England joined forces as "adventurers" to put their money into land ventures. One such group was responsible for the draining of the Fens. The first need was to find engineers who were versed in the processes of land drainage, particularly when that land was at, or below, sea level. It was natural, therefore, to turn to the Netherlands to find these skilled men. Joachim Liens was one of the first of the Dutch engineers to go to England, and he started work on the Great Level; however, no real progress was made until 1621, when Cornelius Vermuyden was brought to England to assist in the work.

Vermuyden had grown up in a district where he could see for himself the techniques of embanking and reclaiming land from the sea. He acquired a reputation of expertise in this field, and by 1621 his fame had spread to England. In that year the Thames had flooded and breached its banks near Havering and Dagenham in Essex. Vermuyden was commissioned to repair the breach and drain neighbouring marshland, with what he claimed as complete success. The Commissioners of Sewers for Essex disputed this claim and whthheld his fee, but King Charles I granted him a portion of the reclaimed land as compensation.

In 1626 Vermuyden carried out his first scheme for drainage works as a consultant. This was the drainage of Hatfield Chase in South Yorkshire. Charles I was, in fact, Vermuyden's employer in the drainage of the Chase, and the work was undertaken as a means of raising additional rents for the Royal Exchequer. Vermuyden was himself an "adventurer" in the undertaking, putting capital into the venture and receiving the title to a considerable proportion of the drained lands. One of the important elements of his drainage designs was the principal of "washes", which were flat areas between the protective dykes and the rivers to carry flood waters, to prevent them spreading on to nearby land. Vermuyden faced bitter opposition from those whose livelihoods depended on the marshlands and who resorted to sabotage of the embankments and violence against his imported Dutch workmen to defend their rights. The work could not be completed until arbiters had ruled out on the respective rights of the parties involved. Disagreements and criticism of his engineering practices continued and he gave up his interest in Hatfield Chase. The Hatfield Chase undertaking was not a great success, although the land is now rich farmland around the river Don in Doncaster. However, the involved financial and land-ownership arrangements were the key to the granting of a knighthood to Cornelius Vermuyden in January 1628, and in 1630 he purchased 4,000 acres of low-lying land on Sedgemoor in Somerset.

In 1629 Vermuyden embarked on his most important work, that of draining the Great Level in the fenlands of East Anglia. Francis Russell, 4th Earl of Bedford, was given charge of the work, with Vermuyden as Engineer; in this venture they were speculators and partners and were recompensed by a grant of land. The area which contains the Cambridgeshire tributaries of the Great Ouse were subject to severe and usually annual flooding. The works to contain the rivers in their flood period were important. Whilst the rivers were contained with the enclosed flood plain, the land beyond became highly sought-after because of the quality of the soil. The fourteen "adventurers" who eventually came into partnership with the Earl of Bedford and Vermuyden were the financiers of the scheme and also received land in accordance with their input into the scheme. In 1637 the work was claimed to be complete, but this was disputed, with Vermuyden defending himself against criticism in a pamphlet entitled Discourse Touching the Great Fennes (1638; 1642, London). In fact, much remained to be done, and after an interruption due to the Civil War the scheme was finished in 1652. Whilst the process of the Great Level works had closely involved the King, Oliver Cromwell was equally concerned over the success of the scheme. By 1655 Cornelius Vermuyden had ceased to have anything to do with the Great Level. At that stage he was asked to account for large sums granted to him to expedite the work but was unable to do so; most of his assets were seized to cover the deficiency, and from then on he subsided into obscurity and poverty.

While Cornelius Vermuyden, as a Dutchman, was well versed in the drainage needs of his own country, he developed his skills as a hydraulic engineer in England and drained acres of derelict flooded land.

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KM / LRD

1) расход; выгрузка

2) сброс, слив; истечение

3) производительность, подача (насоса, компрессора)

4) выпуск (из смесителя, дробилки)

5) попуск ( из водохранилища); опорожнение ( водохранилища)

6) выпускать; спускать (напр. воду)

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- discharge by wash

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1.   истечение; подача ( насоса)

2.   сток; выпуск ( сточных вод)

3.   расход воды, дебит

4.   разгрузка; разряд; выброс, выхлоп

1) сеть (дорог, проводов, каналов) система; сетевой график; схема

2) сетка; решётка

3) инженерная сеть

4) распределительная сеть; сеть электрических линий, проводов

5) решётчатая система; решётчатое устройство

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- network of cement particles

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1.   сеть (трубопроводная, дорожная и т. п.)

2.   сетевой график

1) течение; поток || течь

2) сток

3) расход, дебит

4) растекание; расплыв(ание) || растекаться; расплываться

5) пластическая деформация || претерпевать пластическую деформацию

6) текучесть

7) нефт. фонтанирование || фонтанировать

8) нефт. добыча

9) подвижность (напр. бетонной смеси)

10) технологический маршрут; последовательность операций

11) гидр. движение

12) непрерывная подача энергии (электрической, тепловой)

13) наводнение; затопление; разлив

14) отводная труба

15) сбегание ( стружки)

16) разлив ( лакокрасочного покрытия)

17) выпрессовка, грат (в прессовании пластмасс, резины)

1) коэффициент, фактор, составной элемент

2) множитель

3) мн. ч. данные

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- factor of air resistance

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коэффициент; множитель; фактор || разлагать на множители

SUBJECT AREA: Canals

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Born in a remote area and with no material advantages, Brindley followed casual rural labouring occupations until 1733, when he became apprenticed to Abraham Bennett of Macclesfield, a wheelwright and millwright. Though lacking basic education in reading and writing, he demonstrated his ability, partly through his photographic memory, to solve practical problems. This established his reputation, and after Bennett's death in 1742 he set up his own business at Leek as a millwright. His skill led to an invitation to solve the problem of mine drainage at Wet Earth Colliery, Clifton, near Manchester. He tunnelled 600 ft (183 m) through rock to provide a leat for driving a water-powered pump.

Following work done on a pump on Earl Gower's estate at Trentham, Brindley's name was suggested as the engineer for the proposed canal for which the Duke of Bridge water (Francis Egerton) had obtained an Act in 1759. The Earl and the Duke were brothers-in-law, and the agents for the two estates were, in turn, the Gilbert brothers. The canal, later known as the Bridgewater Canal, was to be constructed to carry coal from the Duke's mines at Worsley into Manchester. Brindley advised on the details of its construction and recommended that it be carried across the river Irwell at Barton by means of an aqueduct. His proposals were accepted, and under his supervision the canal was constructed on a single level and opened in 1761. Brindley had also surveyed for Earl Gower a canal from the Potteries to Liverpool to carry pottery for export, and the signal success of the Bridgewater Canal ensured that the Trent and Mersey Canal would also be built. These undertakings were the start of Brindley's career as a canal engineer, and it was largely from his concepts that the canal system of the Midlands developed, following the natural contours rather than making cuttings and constructing large embankments. His canals are thus winding navigations unlike the later straight waterways, which were much easier to traverse. He also adopted the 7 ft (2.13 m) wide lock as a ruling dimension for all engineering features. For cheapness, he formed his canal tunnels without a towpath, which led to the notorious practice of legging the boats through the tunnels.

Brindley surveyed a large number of projects and such was his reputation that virtually every proposal was submitted to him for his opinion. Included among these projects were the Staffordshire and Worcestershire, the Rochdale, the Birmingham network, the Droitwich, the Coventry and the Oxford canals. Although he was nominally in charge of each contract, much of the work was carried out by his assistants while he rushed from one undertaking to another to ensure that his orders were being carried out. He was nearly 50 when he married Anne Henshall, whose brother was also a canal engineer. His fees and salaries had made him very wealthy. He died in 1772 from a chill sustained when carrying out a survey of the Caldon Canal.

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SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering, Ports and shipping, Railways and locomotives

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William Jessop inherited from his father a natural ability in engineering, and because of his father's association with John Smeaton in the construction of Eddystone Lighthouse he was accepted by Smeaton as a pupil in 1759 at the age of 14. Smeaton was so impressed with his ability that Jessop was retained as an assistant after completion of his pupilage in 1767. As such he carried out field-work, making surveys on his own, but in 1772 he was recommended to the Aire and Calder Committee as an independent engineer and his first personally prepared report was made on the Haddlesey Cut, Selby Canal. It was in this report that he gave his first evidence before a Parliamentary Committee. He later became Resident Engineer on the Selby Canal, and soon after he was elected to the Smeatonian Society of Engineers, of which he later became Secretary for twenty years. Meanwhile he accompanied Smeaton to Ireland to advise on the Grand Canal, ultimately becoming Consulting Engineer until 1802, and was responsible for Ringsend Docks, which connected the canal to the Liffey and were opened in 1796. From 1783 to 1787 he advised on improvements to the River Trent, and his ability was so recognized that it made his reputation. From then on he was consulted on the Cromford Canal (1789–93), the Leicester Navigation (1791–4) and the Grantham Canal (1793–7); at the same time he was Chief Engineer of the Grand Junction Canal from 1793 to 1797 and then Consulting Engineer until 1805. He also engineered the Barnsley and Rochdale Canals. In fact, there were few canals during this period on which he was not consulted. It has now been established that Jessop carried the responsibility for the Pont-Cysyllte Aqueduct in Wales and also prepared the estimates for the Caledonian Canal in 1804. In 1792 he became a partner in the Butterley ironworks and thus became interested in railways. He proposed the Surrey Iron Railway in 1799 and prepared for the estimates; the line was built and opened in 1805. He was also the Engineer for the 10 mile (16 km) long Kilmarnock \& Troon Railway, the Act for which was obtained in 1808 and was the first Act for a public railway in Scotland. Jessop's advice was sought on drainage works between 1785 and 1802 in the lowlands of the Isle of Axholme, Holderness, the Norfolk Marshlands, and the Axe and Brue area of the Somerset Levels. He was also consulted on harbour and dock improvements. These included Hull (1793), Portsmouth (1796), Folkestone (1806) and Sunderland (1807), but his greatest dock works were the West India Docks in London and the Floating Harbour at Bristol. He was Consulting Engineer to the City of London Corporation from 1796to 1799, drawing up plans for docks on the Isle of Dogs in 1796; in February 1800 he was appointed Engineer, and three years later, in September 1803, he was appointed Engineer to the Bristol Floating Harbour. Jessop was regarded as the leading civil engineer in the country from 1785 until 1806. He died following a stroke in 1814.

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